Perceived Effectiveness of Hydroponic Farming Practices in Bulacan: Basis for a Business Model Canvas

Abstract

This study examined the perceived effectiveness of hydroponic farming practices among hydroponic farmers in Bulacan, Philippines, and developed a Business Model Canvas (BMC) to support the sustainability and growth of hydroponic enterprises. A mixed-methods convergent parallel research design was employed, combining quantitative and qualitative data collected from twenty (20) purposively selected hydroponic farmers across selected municipalities in Bulacan. A validated semi-structured questionnaire was used to assess perceptions of effectiveness in five business dimensions: management and administration, marketing, operations, financial management, and supply chain coordination. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the quantitative data, while thematic analysis was applied to interview responses to identify key challenges and opportunities.

The findings revealed that respondents generally perceived hydroponic farming practices to be highly effective across all business dimensions, with operations and marketing receiving the highest ratings. Qualitative results showed that farmers faced significant challenges, including high initial investment costs, limited access to affordable inputs and technical support, market uncertainty, and vulnerability to extreme weather conditions. Despite these constraints, respondents identified strong opportunities for income generation, agricultural innovation, environmental sustainability, and the production of high-quality, pesticide-free vegetables.

Based on the integrated findings, a context-specific Business Model Canvas was developed to strengthen value creation, market access, financial sustainability, and strategic partnerships within the hydroponic farming sector in Bulacan. The study suggests that institutional support, capacity-building programs, improved financing mechanisms, and stronger market linkages are essential to enhance the long-term viability of hydroponic farming enterprises in the province.